The structure of four home gardens in the Petén,Guatemala

Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity.Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants.The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation.This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.     

藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。     

农村普惠金融对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响研究——基于空间溢出效应的视角

提高农业绿色全要素生产率是实现农业高质量发展的必由之路,也是落实绿色发展理念和推进农业现代化转型的题中之义。在测度农村普惠金融发展水平和农业绿色全要素生产率的基础上,运用空间杜宾模型和调节效应模型实证检验农村普惠金融、人力资本对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响效果。研究发现：农村普惠金融能够显著提升本地区与相邻地区农业绿色全要素生产率;人力资本积累有利于提升相邻地区农业绿色全要素生产率,但对本地区农业绿色全要素生产率的提升无显著影响;人力资本水平越高,农村普惠金融对农业绿色全要素生产率的提升效果越明显,且具有空间溢出效应。进一步研究发现,农村普惠金融的发展主要通过提高农户对金融业务接纳度来推动本地区农业绿色全要素生产率提升。在农村普惠金融对农业绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出效应中,增加金融覆盖密度、改善金融使用情况以及提高金融服务效率均有利于相邻地区农业绿色全要素生产率提升,促进效果依次减弱。因此,深入发展农村普惠金融,以人力资本为载体,重点培育金融服务型人才、构建农村普惠金融与人力资本的协同发展机制是实现农业绿色全要素生产率全面提升的优选之路。     

户用分布式光伏对农户收入的影响——以中部地区Y县为例

户用分布式光伏对农户收入影响具有长期性,如何发挥分布式光伏在乡村振兴战略中的作用需进一步探索。本文以户用分布式光伏为例,利用中部地区Y县2014—2019年农户追踪数据,运用双重差分法,分析户用分布式光伏对农户收入的影响,探讨户用分布式光伏对农户收入影响的作用机制。结果表明,2014—2019年农户收入大幅度提升,其中建光伏农户的人均收入增长幅度大于未建光伏农户,户用分布式光伏使农户人均收入提高25.4%,其中经营性收入、财产性收入分别提高74.4%和444.5%,而工资性收入降低45.3%。户用分布式光伏是通过减少非农劳动时间和缩短非农就业空间距离降低农户工资性收入,增加经营性收入,从而影响人均收入。进一步分析发现,户用分布式光伏对非中心村农户的工资性收入和经营性收入影响大于中心村农户,劳动力能力越强的农户经营性收入上升幅度越大,工资性收入下降幅度越小。因此,建议统一维护光伏设施,促进劳动力要素有效配置;并依据劳动能力差异分层分配股份,降低劳动能力强的农户对政府补贴的依赖;另外,创新光伏产业发展模式,拓宽光伏产业增收渠道。     

数字普惠金融对农村家庭相对贫困影响效应——基于宁夏的农户调研数据

随着绝对贫困的全面消除,我国将进入以相对贫困治理为核心的扶贫工作新阶段,发挥数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困的效应至关重要。本文利用宁夏3县区9村426户田野调查数据,运用熵值法、A-F法、Logit模型和中介效应模型,在测算数字普惠金融指数和识别多维相对贫困家庭的基础上,分析数字普惠金融对农村家庭多维相对贫困的影响效应,探讨其影响机制。结果表明,宁夏农村地区经济维度的“贫”已基本得到消除,但健康、教育、安全饮水和卫生厕所等因素导致的相对之“困”依然严峻。农户在数字普惠金融的结算、储蓄和信贷服务已有部分涉及,但对互联网投资、互联网保险等深层次金融业务的参与尚且较低。数字普惠金融对不同权重下的相对贫困均有显著的减缓作用,并且随着剥夺维度提升其减贫作用呈增长态势。数字普惠金融可以通过提高农户电商意愿及行为、增强健康意识、促进消费进而达到缓解相对贫困之目的。因此,为减缓宁夏农村家庭相对贫困状况,需注重农户自我发展能力提升与农村生活标准改善,深化农户数字普惠金融使用深度,充分发挥数字普惠金融的减贫助农作用等。     

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

农户贷款第一还款来源影响因素及其应用分析——基于陕西省岐山县的调研数据

依据陕西省岐山县实地调研的农户数据,采用二元Logistic回归模型对第一还款来源影响因素进行实证分析,并对照回归结果将影响因素应用于农户贷款信用评级中。结果表明:农户性别、家庭年收入、贷款是否满足需要、贷款用途、有无政府贴息、农户的年龄、家庭人数、贷款期限、有无自然灾害对第一还款来源有显著影响;第一还款来源影响因素在农户贷款信用评级中的应用是可行、有效的。建议农村金融机构应侧重于以上显著影响因素提供差异化的金融产品和服务,有针对性地制定配套方案,并要充分考虑当地农户的个体特征因素,从根本上提高第一还款来源比重。     

家庭蔬菜病虫害非农药防治技术

近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和对蔬菜消费观念的改变,利用庭院、阳台、露台、楼顶等家居空间开展家庭蔬菜种植悄然兴起。从品种的选择与搭配、基质选择、物理措施、植物制剂、肥料及家居日用品等方面介绍了家庭蔬菜病虫害的非农药防治技术,以期为家庭蔬菜安全生产提供参考。     

农业现代化进程中农户对土地流转意愿的影响因素研究

完善土地流转是推进农业现代化的一项重要举措,基于农户家庭视角,依据采集的1 036份全国农户样本数据,运用二元Logit选择模型分析了农户进行土地流转意愿的影响因素.研究发现,受教育程度、家庭非农收入、耕地流转价格、流转区域经济水平与农户进行土地流转的意愿有显著正相关影响,农户年龄、家庭农业劳动力数量、耕地质量与农户进行土地流转意愿有显著负相关影响.建议政府加快农村土地流转法治建设,强化土地流转规范化管理;建立城乡发展一体化体制,完善农村社会保障机制;积极推进新型城镇化建设,创造更多非农就业机会;改善农村教育培训条件,提高农民素质与技能.     

Eight urgent,fundamental and simultaneous steps needed to restore ocean health,and the consequences for humanity and the planet of inaction or delay

1. The ocean crisis is urgent and central to human wellbeing and life on Earth; past and current activities are damaging the planet's main life support system for future generations. We are witnessing an increase in ocean heat, disturbance, acidification, bio‐invasions and nutrients, and reducing oxygen levels. Several of these act like ratchets: once detrimental or negative changes have occurred, they may lock in place and may not be reversible, especially at gross ecological and ocean process scales.
2. Each change may represent a loss to humanity of resources, ecosystem function, oxygen production and species. The longer we pursue unsuitable actions, the more we close the path to recovery and better ocean health and greater benefits for humanity in the future.
3. We stand at a critical juncture and have identified eight priority issues that need to be addressed in unison to help avert a potential ecological disaster in the global ocean. They form a purposely ambitious agenda for global governance and are aimed at informing decision‐makers at a high level. They should also be of interest to the general public.
4. Of all the themes, the highest priority is to rigorously address global warming and limit surface temperature rise to 1.5°C by 2100, as warming is the pre‐eminent factor driving change in the ocean. The other themes are establishing a robust and comprehensive High Seas Treaty, enforcing existing standards for Marine Protected Areas and expanding their coverage, especially in terms of high levels of protection, adopting a precautionary pause on deep‐sea mining, ending overfishing and destructive fishing practices, radically reducing marine pollution, putting in place a financing mechanism for ocean management and protection, and lastly, scaling up science/data gathering and facilitating data sharing.
5. By implementing all eight measures in unison, as a coordinated strategy, we can build resilience to climate change, help sustain fisheries productivity, particularly for low‐income countries dependent on fisheries, protect coasts (e.g. via soft‐engineering/habitat‐based approaches), promote mitigation (e.g. carbon storage) and enable improved adaptation to rapid global change.